Course Content (Syllabus)
1. Introduction: composition and structure, production and utilization of milk
2. Factors affecting the variability in milk composition and structure, sources of variability
3. Antibiotics-mastitis: effect on milk composition, cheese yield and Human health, testing for antibiotics
4. Nitrogen constituets of Milk: milk proteins, chemistry of proteins and nutritional aspects
5. Milk carbohydrates: chemical and physical properties of lactose, derivatives of lactose, nutritional aspects
6. Milk lipids: chemical and physical properties of milk fatty acids, structure of milk lipids, lipid oxidation, nutritional aspects
7. Milk salts: composition and partition among the colloidal and soluble phases, colloidal calcium phosphate, changes in milk salts equilibria induced by various treatments, nutritional aspects
8. Milk indigenous enzymes: characteristics and applications
9. Physical properties of milk: sensory characteristics, acidity, density, freezing point, thermal properties
10. Milk proccesing: cleaning and sanitation, standardisation, homogenisation, effect of cooling and freezing, membrane processes
11. Heat treatment of milk: physixochemical changes induced by heating, thermalization, low pasteurisation, high pasteurisation
12. Heat treatment of milk: sterilisation, U.H.T.- conventional (in-bottle) sterilisation. Shelf life of milk