Pharmacognosy I

Specific Foundation / Core

Upon successful completion of the course students will have the ability to: To be able to categorize phenolic compounds into subcategories based on their structural characteristics To give examples of phenolic compounds To recognize the structure of subcategories of phenolic derivatives Τo define the meaning of secondary and primary metabolites To apply tests to detect specific categories of phenolic products and carbohydrates

ARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PHENOL DERIVATIVES Introduction. Generally, control specifications of herbal medicines and herbal medicinal products of the European Pharmacopoeia 5 (Phytochemical, microscopic, etc.). General scheme of biosynthetic pathways of primary and secondary metabolites. 1. CARBOHYDRATES. • Simple sugars: Structure-Physiochemical properties. Series D-, L-. Cyclic structures. Configuration. Hexoses-Deoxysugars. Polyols and derivatives of sugars. Herbal medicines and constituents of pharmaceutical interest. • Oligosaccharides and their derivatives-Cyclodextrins. • Polysaccharides: Structures-Physiochemical properties. Extraction, isolation and identification of structures. Polysaccharides of bacteria and fungi. (Dextrans, Lentnanes, Xanthan gum). Polysaccharides of algae. • Homogeneous polysaccharides: Structure-Physiochemical properties. Starch, Cellulose, Semi-synthetic derivatives. Herbal medicines. Fructans. • Fibre: Cotton, dietary fiber (Composition, structure, uses, biological properties). • Heterogeneous polysaccharides: Mucilage, gums (Chemical composition, physicochemical properties, medicinal plants, pectins). • Natural products related to carbohydrates (with similar chemical structure): 2-Deoxystreptamin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin. 2. PLANT LIPIDS. • Triglycerides, fatty acids, oils: Structures-Physiochemical properties, Pharmaceutical uses. • Plant lipids- Essential fatty acids and biosynthesis of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes. Medicinal plants • Mustard oils: Structures, classification, extraction, isolation, hydrolysis, Quantification, medicinal plants, uses, toxicity. • Other sulfur compounds, herbal medicines, uses • Components structurally related to lipids, Acetogenins, Glycoretines of Convolvulaceae. • Several other plant chemical structures. Cyanogenic glycosides: Structures, biosynthesis, toxicity and plants. • Non-standard toxic amino acids (Lathyrism), Lectins. Plants, toxicity. 3. PHENOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. Generally, groups of natural structures, acidity of phenols related to the structure (resonance phenomena). Reactions of phenols. General reagents for the detection of phenolic structures. Biosynthesis 1) the shikimic acid pathway and 2) the malonic acid pathway • Cinnamic acids, aryl- propenyl-phenols, Phenolic acids and benzene derivatives. Physicochemical properties, Extraction, Isolation, Pharmacology, Uses. • Coumarins: Simple, furan-, pyran- glycosides - Biosynthesis. Physicochemical properties, Extraction, Isolation and Determination of their structures. Herbal drugs containing coumarins. Toxic compounds, phototoxicity. Plants with pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical interest. • Lignans, Neolignans and their derivatives. Biosynthesis. Structures with biological interest. • Flavonoids: Chemical structures, Biosynthesis, Extraction, Isolation, Determination of their structures (flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanolols, isoflavones, chalcones, aurones, anthocyanes, glycosides O-, C-, S-). Reactions. Uses. Flavonoids and Reactive oxygen species (antioxidant-prooxidant), enzyme inhibitors, estrogenic activity (isoflavones). Plants: Citrus spp., Ginkgo, Passiflora, Thymus, Chamamillae, Achilea, Equisetum, Tiliae, Sambucus, Filipendula, Viola, Solidago, Passiflora, Soya. • Rotenoids, neoflavonoids, flavonolignans, anthocyans: Physicochemical properties, Chemical structures, Pharmacology. Medicinal plants: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. macrocarpon, Ribes nigrum, Sambucus nigra, Silybium marianum. • Tannins. General. Classes of tannins. Hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Physicochemical properties. Natural sources. Detection reaction. Chemical properties. Biological activity. Medicinal plants: Quercus spp., Hamamelidis virginiana, Krameria triandra, Crataegus monogyna, Pinus spp., Cupressus semprevirens. • Styryl-pyrones: structures, Physicochemical and biological properties. Piper methysticum. • Stilbens: structures, properties. • Quinones, naphthoquinones, naphtodianthrones, miltionones, anthrones, anthranoles, anthraquinones. Homo- and Heterodianthrones. Chemical structures and biosynthsis. Quinones - Biological properties, medical uses. Quinones and allergies. • Plants with naphthoquinones. Drosera spp., Junglans regia, Lawsonia inermis. Plants with anthraquinones. • Homo- and Heterodianthrones. Physicochemical and pharmacological properties. Medical uses of plants containing anthraquinones. Medicinal plants: Cassia angustifolia and Cassia senna L., Rhamnus frangula L., Rhamnus pursiana DC., Aloe spp., Rheum spp. • Medicinal plants containing naphthoquinones, orcinols and phloroglucinols. Hypericum perforatum L., Humulus lupulus, Malotus philippinensis. LABORATORY WORK: Microscopic and Phytochemical control of herbal drugs containing phenols and/or phenol derivatives of the European Pharmacopoeia 5. Microscopic control: Starches (Amylum Solani, Amylum Oryzae, Amylum Maydis, Amylum Tritici, Amylum Marantae), Fibers (Cotton, Flax, Silk, Wool), Flores Malvae, Flores Tiliae, Folia Sennae, Rhizoma Rhei, Herba Hyperici, Fructus Anisi vulgaris, Fructus Foeniculi, Semina Psylii, Folia Gingo biloba Phytochemical control: Extraction of phenolic compounds – Isolation of hesperedin (from orange peel), hydrolysis of hesperidin, Folia Sennae – Qualitative and Quantitative determination of anthraquinones

hydrocarbons, lipids, phenolics

12-11-2020