Course Content (Syllabus)
The plant cell. Plasma membranes, cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin microfilaments), nucleus (membrane of the nucleus, chromatin, chromosomes, nucleolus), ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, endomembrane system, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, peroxisomes, vacuole. Cell wall (chemical composition, cell wall structure, formation of primary and secondary cell wall alterations of the cell wall). Cell cycle (mesophase, cell division, cytoplasmic division). Types of cell division (mitosis, meiosis). Plant tissues. Meristems (root and shoot apical meristems, lateral meristems, intercalary meristems). Protective tissue: primary Epidermis. Trichome, glands, glandular hairs. Secondary Periderm. Parenchyma, types of, major features. Supportive tissue. Collenchyma, types of, major features. Sclerenchyma cell types, major features. Vascular tissue: xylem, phloem. Vascular bundles. Stem anatomy. Primary stem anatomy of angiosperms, major differences between monocots and dicots, stem modifications. Secondary stem growth and anatomy. Vascular cambium formation, tree rings, wood anatomy of gymnosperms, angiosperms. Macroscopic leaf morphology, microscopic anatomy. Morphological and anatomical leaf differences among gymnosperms, dicots, and monocots. Leaf modifications. Macroscopic morphology of the root. Root cap, Endodermis, Pericycle, xylem, phloem bundles. Root hairs. Primary and secondary root growth. Root modifications. Morphology and anatomy of the flower. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium. Fruit formation. Simple (fleshy, dry), multiple, syncarpus fruits. Follicle, Legume, Capsule, Achene, Caryopsis, Nut, Samara, Schizocarp, Berry, Drupe, Pome. Micro and macro-sporogenesis of angiosperms. Microcones-microsporogenesis, cones-macrosporogenesis of gymnosperms. Pollination and fertilization of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Embryo formation in dicots, monocots and gymnosperms. Seed morphology and anatomy, seed transport and germination.