Learning Outcomes
Following successful completion of the course students, 1) will have been familiarized with basic ENT diseases, 2) will be able to link knowledge of ENT diseases with that of head and neck pathologies which constitute a topic of other medical specialties (such as Neurology, Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology, Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Pediatrics), 3) will be able to perform a thorough basic ENT examination, 4) will have acquired the skills necessary for the management of everyday ENT diseases and emergency cases, 5) will have been sensitized to related medical issues in need of early diagnosis and proper guidance of the patients (such as head & neck cancer, childhood deafness etc.), and, 6) will have acquired a comprehensive view of the ENT field together with contemporary methods for treating ENT diseases.
Course Content (Syllabus)
Lectures: Introduction to ENT and subspecialties, essentials in anatomy – physiology in the head and neck area, ENT diseases and management. Problems of social integration of deaf and hard-of-hearing people and cancer patients.
The lectures take place during the 8th semester, in 13 two-hour lessons:
1. Introduction to ENT.
2. Anatomy - physiology of hearing and balance.
3. Diseases of external-middle ear and eustachian tube. Acute otitis media.
4. Chronic otitis media. Tympanoplasty surgery.
5. Diseases of anterior labyrinth. Etiology of hearing loss – Diagnosis – Treatment.
6. Management of sensorineural hearing loss.
7. Diseases of the posterior labyrinth-vertigo-nystagmus.
8. Hard-of-hearing child. Psychopathology of child - parents. General considerations. Diagnosis – treatment of development and speech disorders in the hard-of-hearing child.
9. Anatomy-physiology of the nose-paranasal cavities. Epistaxis. Nasal obstruction.
10. Inflammation – tumours of paranasal sinuses. Diagnostic methods – Treatment.
11. Medical emergencies in otolaryngology – head & neck surgery. Head traumatology. Priorities – Management.
12. Anatomy – Physiology of larynx. Dysphonia – Larynx inflammations.
13. Tumors of the larynx. Cervical masses. Tracheotomy.
Clinical practice: Analysis of medical thinking from the symptom to the diagnosis – practical course – skills acquisition in ENT basic actions (management of epistaxis following head trauma – tracheotomy – clinical examination in ENT).
In clinical practice courses, each two-hour includes the following sections:
1. Otology
a) Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
b) Semiology:
- otalgia
- otorrhea
- bleeding ear
- hearing loss
- vertigo
- nystagmus
- tinnitus
- facial nerve paralysis
- ear pinna masses and ulcers
c) Clinical examination:
- visual examination
- palpation
- otoscopy
- eustachian tube testing
- hearing & balance testing
- radiological examination
2. Rhinology
a) Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
b) Semiology:
- epistaxis
- rhinorrhea (odorless-smelly)
- sneezing
- nasal obstruction
-rhinorrhea
- CSF rhinorrhea
- cephalalgia, face pain
- olfactory disturbance (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, cacosmia)
- unilateral conductive hearing loss
- unilateral exopthalmia
- facial mass
c) Clinical examination:
- visual examination
- palpation
- rhinoscopy
- endoscopy
- paranasal sinus punction and washout (antroscopy)
- nasal permeability testing (rhinomanometry, rhinometry)
- olfactory testing
- nasal allergy testing
- radiological examination
3. Pharynx - Oesophagus
a) Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
b) Semiology:
- odynophagia
- dysphagia
- pharyngodynia
- nasal breathing difficulty
- conductive hearing loss
- cephalalgia
- mass
- trismus
c) Clinical examination:
- visual examination
- endoscopy
- oral & pharynx endoscopy
- posterior rhinoscopy
- indirect laryngoscopy
- digital examination of the rhinopharynx
- palatine tonsils testing
- oesophagoscopy
- radiological examination
4. Larynx – trachea - Neck
a) Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
b) Semiology:
- hoarseness
- odynophagia
- dyspnea
- stridor
- hemoptysis
- cough
- aspiration
- mass
- dysarthria – dysphonia
c) Clinical examination:
- visual examination
- palpation
- indirect laryngoscopy
- direct laryngoscopy
- microlaryngoscopy
- laryngoscopy with flexible or rigid pharyngo-laryngoscope
- stroboscopy
- tracheobronchoscopy
- radiological, ultrasound, scintigraphic control
- tracheotomy
5. Oral cavity – salivary glands
a) Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
b) Semiology:
- cacosmia
- xerostomia
- lesions on the surface of the tongue
- pain, odynophagia
- ulcerations
- hemorrhage
- trismus
- speech disorders
- mass
- facial nerve disorders
- gustation disorders
- tongue mobility
c) Clinical examination:
- visual examination
- palpation
- gustation testing
- catheterization of salivary glands duct
- radiological examination
6. Laboratory testing
a) hearing tests (audiometry)
b) balance tests