Course Content (Syllabus)
Definition of forest and analysis of forest bio-biocommunity. Values and functions of the forest ecosystems. Types of forests, their range and geographical distribution on earth, characteristics and ecological values. Autoecology (relationships of forest species with environmental factors). Forest and sun radiation and energy, Energy balance, Sun illumination and forest species, Temperature, Humidity, Soil fertility. Requirements of forest species in light, moisture, nutrients and temperature. Limiting factors for forest growth (water deficiency, heat, frosts). Formation of forest timperlines. Water uptake by trees, the role of roots. Effect of the forest on environmental conditions, benefits and ecosystem services of the forest. Forest and atmospheric air, carbon dioxide and oxygen, climate change. Effect of forest and thinnings on water economy. Forest and physiographic factors. Effect of the forest on the animal community. Synecology (ecosystem structure and function of forest ecosystems). Energy flows, biomass production and accumulation. Diversity of forest ecosystems. Organisms living in forests. Function of forest ecosystems (food chains, food webs, food pyramids). Flow of biomass, energy, nutrients and necromass. Rules for extracting biomass from forest ecosystems. Stability, balance and self-regulation (homeostasis) of forest ecosystems. Species survival strategies and interactions, intra-population relationships. Dynamics and succession of forest ecosystems, early and late-successional ecosystems, final ecosystems. Ecology of growth (effect of environmental factors on the growth of forest trees). Flowering, ripening, seed dispersal and propagation, seed germination. Formation and types of root system, root architecture and classification, rate of growth in height and diameter of forest trees. Tree stem growth and formation. Aging of forest trees.