Course Content (Syllabus)
Geologic time scale. First evidence/appearance of land plants. Evolution of land plants (e.g. Trimerophytes, Pteridophytes, Progymnosperms, Pteridosperms, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms). Major massive extinctions. Quaternary period and its epochs Pleistocene and Holocene. Quaternary climatic conditions (Pleistocene-Holocene). Pollen analysis as a tool in reconstruction of Pleistocene-Holocene vegetation. Pollen morphology- pollen types. Methodology of coring, lab chemical processing, microscopy of pollen and non-pollen palynomorph sub-samples, construction of pollen diagrams. Pollen diagrams of percentage, concentration- accumulation rate values of palynomorphs. Anthropogenic pollen indicators- interpretation of human impact on the landscape and its vegetation (agriculture, animal husbandry, forest clearings, fire as a management tool of vegetation). Adaptations of major forest wood taxa, their use in the indirect interpretation of past climatic conditions. Vegetation development of Europe during the Pleistocene. Quaternary refugia. Pollen zones for the time interval Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)- present day. Successional expansion of major forest trees (Pinus, Abies, Picea, Quercus, Fagus). Short geologic history of Greece. Vegetation development in Greece for the time interval Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)- present day. Man’s role in the shaping of the landscape and its vegetation.
Keywords
History, forest, vegetation, pollen analysis, palynology