Course Content (Syllabus)
Α 2.13 (A2.3 + A2.9) Inorganic and organic pigments and dyes.
A2.3 Inorganic pigments, A2.9 Organic pigments and dyes
Course objective: Introduction to the natural organic pigments and lac dyes used by artists in the past and to the synthetic organic pigments that are present in the contemporary paints. Analysis of their physical and chemical properties, environmental stability, ageing phenomena and degradation.
Educational goals: Through this course the students will become acquainted with the physical and chemical properties of the organic pigments that are present in works of art and cultural monuments from the prehistoric to contemporary times. They will gain knowledge of the pigment analysis and identification methods and of the individual necessary conditions regarding exposure to environmental factors. The students will be introduced to the modern paints based on polymeric binding media, their complex composition and the particular issues they present in terms of preventive and invasive conservation.
Course analysis:
Α2.3 Inorganic pigments
- Color production from inorganic compounds. Introduction to the chemical and physical properties of inorganic pigments.
- Introduction to Mineralogy (general elements of mineralogy, crystallinity, classification of minerals, physical properties of minerals, crystal shape and form, laboratory study of selected minerals in terms of physical properties)
- Mineral pigments from the prehistoric period to the Renaissance. References by ancient writers - prehistoric pigment mines - methods of mineral research
- Presentation of results from case studies – Laboratory course with methods of research and study of mineral pigments
- Artificial and synthetic inorganic pigments. Historical evidence, physical and chemical properties and uses. Methods of analysis of inorganic pigments.
- Ageing behavior of inorganic pigments, influence of environmental factors.
A2.9 Organic pigments and dyes
- Production of color from organic compounds. Introduction to the chemical and physical properties of organic pigments.
- Natural organic pigments. Historical evidence, physical and chemical properties.
- Preparation of organic dyes.
- Synthetic organic pigments. Historical evidence, physical and chemical properties.
- Durability and ageing of organic pigments. Effect of environmental conditions.
- Modern paints in painting. Chemistry of modern paints, binders and additives in modern paints. Definitions, historical development, properties, advantages-disadvantages.
- Analysis and identification techniques of organic pigments and dyes and modern paints, conservation issues.
Teaching support:
Notes to be distributed:
"Inorganic pigments", V. Melfos, Thessaloniki 2010
"Stability of inorganic pigments", E. Kampasakali, Thessaloniki 2012
"Modern paints. Properties, analysis and maintenance problems", E. Kampasakali, Thessaloniki 2012
"Organic pigments and lac dyes with application in works of art", E. Kampasakali, Thessaloniki 2012
Bibliography:
- Paintings Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia, Rutherford John Gettens, George Leslie Stout, Dover Publications, 1966
- Artists' Pigments: Volumes 1 - 4: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. R. L. Feller (ed.), A. Roy (ed.), E.W. Fitzhugh (ed.), B. Berrie (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1987 – 2007.
- Natural Colorants for Dyeing and Lake Pigments. Jo Kirby, Maarten von Bommel and André Verhecken, 2015 Archetype Publications
- Analysis of Modern Paints. T. Learner, eds.2005 Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
- Modern Paints Uncovered: Proceedings from the Modern Paints Uncovered Symposium. Learner, Thomas J. S., Patricia Smithen, Jay W. Krueger, and Michael R. Schilling, eds. 2007 Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
Evaluation:
– written exam (100%)
Additional bibliography for study
- Paintings Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia, Rutherford John Gettens, George Leslie Stout, Dover Publications, 1966
- Artists' Pigments: Volumes 1 - 4: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics. R. L. Feller (ed.), A. Roy (ed.), E.W. Fitzhugh (ed.), B. Berrie (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1987 – 2007.
- Natural Colorants for Dyeing and Lake Pigments. Jo Kirby, Maarten von Bommel and André Verhecken, 2015 Archetype Publications
- Analysis of Modern Paints. T. Learner, eds.2005 Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
- Modern Paints Uncovered: Proceedings from the Modern Paints Uncovered Symposium. Learner, Thomas J. S., Patricia Smithen, Jay W. Krueger, and Michael R. Schilling, eds. 2007 Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.