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1. General bibliography • Chapter 10 ‘Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent’ in McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for child and adolescent 9th edition • AAPD. Caries-risk Assessment and Management for Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatr Dent. 2018 Oct 15;40(6):205-212. • AAPD. Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance/Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatr Dent. 2018 Oct 15;40(6):194-204. • M F Burrow, JF Burrow, OF Makinson. Pits and fissures: etch resistance in prismless enamel walls. Aust Dent J. 2001 Dec;46(4):258-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2001.tb00289.x. • PW Caufield, Y Li, TG Bromage. Hypoplasia-associated severe early childhood caries--a proposed definition. J Dent Res. 2012 Jun;91(6):544-50. doi: 10.1177/0022034512444929. • Haworth S, Esberg A, Lif Holgerson P, Kuja-Halkola R, Timpson NJ, Magnusson PKE, Franks PW, Johansson I. Heritability of Caries Scores, Trajectories, and Disease Subtypes. J Dent Res. 2020 Mar;99(3):264-270. • Kühnisch J, Ekstrand KR, Pretty I, Twetman S, van Loveren C, Gizani S, Spyridonos Loizidou M. Best clinical practice guidance for management of early caries lesions in children and young adults: an EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2016 Feb;17(1):3-12. • Massignan C, Ximenes M, da Silva Pereira C, Dias L, Bolan M, Cardoso M. Prevalence of enamel defects and association with dental caries in preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2016 Dec;17(6):461-466. • Mendes FM, Novaes TF, Matos R, Bittar DG, Piovesan C, Gimenez T, Imparato JC, Raggio DP, Braga MM. Radiographic and laser fluorescence methods have no benefits for detecting caries in primary teeth. Caries Res. 2012;46(6):536-43. • Monse B, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Benzian H, Holmgren C, van Palenstein Helderman W. PUFA--an index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010 Feb;38(1):77-82. • Oliveira AF, Chaves AM, Rosenblatt A. The influence of enamel defects on the development of early childhood caries in a population with low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal study. Caries Res. 2006;40(4):296-302. • Ren Y, Feng C, Rasubala L, Malmstrom H, Eliav E. Risk for dental healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 global pandemic: An evidence-based assessment. J Dent. 2020 Oct;101:103434. 2. INTRODUCTION What is caries? The carious process and the carious lesion. Dental plaque [Pathogenic properties of cariogenic bacteria. Which plaque bacteria cause caries? Where does caries occur? Is dental caries an infectious, preventable, disease?] The role of dietary carbohydrate. Environment of the tooth: saliva and fluoride. Classification of dental caries. Epidemiology of dental caries. [Measuring caries activity. Practical problems with DMF and def indices. The relevance of diagnostic thresholds. Caries prevalence.] • Fejerskov O,Nyvad B, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management.2015; 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell. • Rachiotis X, Vougiouklakis G. Dental Caries. Hellenic association of academic books. 2015;11-12 • Rachiotis X, Vougiouklakis G. Dental Caries. Hellenic association of academic books. 2015;36-39 • Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VCC, Jeroncic A. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019; Issue 3 :1-246 • Featherstone JD. The continuum of dental caries--evidence for a dynamic disease process. J Dent Res. 2004;83 Spec No C:C39-42 • García-Godoy F, Hicks MJ. Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface: the role of dental biofilm, saliva and preventive agents in enamel demineralization and remineralization. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 May;139 Suppl:25S-34S • Hicks J, Garcia-Godoy F, Flaitz C. Biological factors in dental caries: role of saliva and dental plaque in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 1). J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003 Fall;28(1):47-52 • Tanner ACR, Kressirer CA, Rothmiller S, Johansson I, Chalmers NI. The Caries Microbiome: Implications for Reversing Dysbiosis. Adv Dent Res. 2018 Feb;29(1):78-85 • Tanner ACR, Kressirer CA, Rothmiller S, Johansson I, Chalmers NI. The Caries Microbiome: Implications for Reversing Dysbiosis. Adv Dent Res. 2018 Feb;29(1):78-85 3. CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CARIOUS LESIONS Basic enamel and dentine structure in primary and permanent teeth. Enamel reactions during eruption. Enamel changes during early caries lesion development. The first visible sign of caries on an enamel surface [What is happening histologically? Arrest of lesions. Clinical implications of subsurface porosity. The shape of the lesion and its clinical implication] Dentine reactions Cavitation—an important moment clinically. Dentine changes in the cavitated lesion: destruction and defense. Inflammation of the pulp [Symptoms of pulpitis] The microbiology of dentine caries. Active and arrested lesions in dentine. Root caries Secondary or recurrent caries. Why is dentine caries brown? • Fejerskov O,Nyvad B, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management.2015; 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell. • Innes NP, Frencken JE, Bjørndal L, Maltz M, Manton DJ, Ricketts D, van Landuyt K, Banerjee A, Campus G, Domejean S, Fontana M, Leal S, Lo E, Machiulskiene V, Schulte A, Splieth C, Zandona A, Schwendicke F: Managing carious lesions: consensus recommen- dations on terminology. Adv Dent Res 2016;28:49–57 • Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;25(1):69-75 • Takahashi N, Nyvad B: Ecological hypothesis of dentin and root caries. Caries Res 2016;50:422–431 • Ekstrand, K. R., Kuzmina, I., Bjørndal, L., & Thylstrup, A. (1995). Relationship between external and histologic features of progressive stages of caries in the occlusal fossa. Caries research, 29(4), 243-250 • Fejerskov, O., Thylstrup, A., & Larsen, M. J. (1981). Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention: a concept based on possible cariostatic mechanisms. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 39(4), 241-249 • Haikel, Y., Frank, R. M., & Voegel, J. C. (1983). Scanning electron microscopy of the human enamel surface layer of incipient carious lesions. Caries research, 17(1), 1-13 • Holmen L, Thylstrup A, Ogaard B, Kragh F. A polarized light microscopic study of progressive stages of enamel caries in vivo. Caries Res. 1985;19(4):348-54 4. CARIES DIAGNOSIS How early should caries lesions be detected? What are the best visual–tactile caries diagnostic criteria? Commonly used visual–tactile criteria. Differential diagnosis Visual–tactile caries examination: a systematic clinical approach. Additional aids in visual–tactile caries diagnosis. Benefits and limitations of visual–tactile caries diagnosis. Detection and diagnosis on individual surfaces [Free smooth surfaces. Pits and fissures. Approximal surfaces. Secondary or recurrent caries] Radiography for caries diagnosis [Technical and quality aspects. Prescription and timing of bitewing radiography] • Fejerskov O,Nyvad B, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management.2015; 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell. • .Amarante E, Raadal M, Espelid I. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of dental caries in Norwegian children aged 5, 12, and 18 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998; 26: 87-94. • Carvalho JC, Silva EF, Gomes RR, Fonseca JAC, Mestrinho HD. Impact of enamel defects on early caries development in preschool children.Caries Res 2011; 45: 353-60. • Ekstrand KR, Qvist V, Thylstrup A. Light microscope study of the effect of probing in occlusal fissures. Caries Res 1987; 21: 368-74. • Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DNJ, Kidd EAM. Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth on the occlusal surface. Caries Res 1997; 31: 224-31. • Fejerskov O. Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 199"; 25: 3-12. • Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts NB. Reliability of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. » Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 170-8. • Jablonski-Momeni A,StachnissY,Ricketts DN, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Pieper K. Reproducibility and accuracy of the ICDAS-II for detection of occlusal caries in vitro. Caries Res 2008; 42: 79-87 5. PREVENTION OF CARIES BY PLAQUE CONTROL Νon-operative treatment. Can the caries process be prevented? Controlling disease progression. Should disease control be considered as ‘treatment’ of the caries lesion? Role of oral hygiene [The biological effect of tooth cleaning. The clinical effect of tooth cleaning. The effect of professional tooth cleaning. The effect of dental flossing. Chlorhexidine: a chemical agent for plaque control [Mechanism of action, dosage, and delivery. Side effects. The use of chlorhexidine in the control of caries] • Fejerskov O,Nyvad B, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management.2015; 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell. • Nyvad B and Fejerskov O. Active rootsurface caries converted into inactive caries as a response to oral hygiene. Scand J Dent Res. 1986;94:281-4. • Gisselsson H, Birkhed D, Bjorn AL. Effect of professional flossing with chlorhexidine gel on approximal caries in 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren Caries Res. 1988;22(3) 187-92. • Hintze H, Wenzel A, Danielsen B, Nyvad B. Reliability of visual examination, fibreoptic transillumination, and bitewing radiography, and reproducibility of direct visual examination following tooth separation for the identification of cavitated carious lesions in contacting approximal surfaces. Caries Res. 1998;32:204-9. • Jeon JG, Rosalen PL, Falsetta ML, Koo H. Natural products in caries research: current (limited) knowledge, challenges and future perspective. Caries Res. 2011;45:243-63. • Petti S and Hausen H. Caries-preventive effect of chlorhexidine gel applications among high-risk children Caries Res. 2006;24(2):514-21. • Powell LV, Persson RE, Kiyak HA, Hujoel PP. Caries prevention in a community-dwelling older population. Caries Res. 1999;33(5):333-9. • Ratledge DR, Kidd EAM, Beighton D. A clinical and microbiological study of approximal carious lesions. Part 1: the relationship between cavitation, radiographic lesion depth, the site specific gingival index and the level of infection of the dentin. Caries Res. 2001;35:3-7. • Spets-Happonen S, Luoma H, Forss H, Kentala J, Alaluusua S, Luoma A-R, Grönroos L, Syväoja S, Tapaninen H, Happonen P. Effects of a chlorhexidine-fluoride-strontium rinsing program on caries, gingivitis and some salivary bacteria among Finnish schoolchildren. Scand J Dent Res. 1991;99(2):130-38. 6. FLUORIDE SUPPLEMENTATION Crystalline structure of enamel [Deposition of fluoride in enamel] Demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues [How does fluoride work in caries control?] Fluorosis [Signs of fluorosis Mechanism of fluorosis] Which fluoride supplement? [Fluoride in drinking water. Salt fluoridation. Fluoride in toothpaste. Fluoride mouthwashes. High-concentration preparations for periodic use] Toxicity • Fejerskov O,Nyvad B, Kidd E, editors. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management.2015; 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell. • Kautsky MB, Featherstone JD. Effect of salivary components on dissolution rates of carbonated apatites. Caries Res. 1993;27(5):373-7 • Koulourides T. Increasing tooth resistance to caries through remineralisation. Foods Nutr DentHealth. 1982;2:193-207 • LeGeros RZ, Tung MS. Chemical stability of carbonate- and fluoride-containing apatites. Caries Res. 1983;17(5):419-29. • Pollick H. The Role of Fluoride in the Prevention of Tooth Decay. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018 Oct;65(5):923-940. 7. SALIVA AND CARIES Saliva and dental health [Functions of saliva. Causes of reduced salivary flow. General consequences of reduced salivary flow.] Clinical management of ‘dry mouth’ [Assessment. Conservative measures to relieve symptoms. Salivary stimulants. Saliva substitutes] Saliva and caries [Anticariogenic actions of saliva. Radiation caries. Management of dentate patients following radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Preventive measures for patients with dry mouths] • Tenovuo J, Lumikari M (1991). Organic factors in human saliva in relation to dental caries. In: Dental caries. Markers of high and low risk groups and individuals. Johnson NW, editor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 382-399 • Humphrey, S. P., & Williamson, R. T. (2001). A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 85(2), 162-169 • Mandel ID. The function of saliva. J Dent Res 1987;66:623-7 • Edgar WM. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting. Br Dent J 1990;169:96-8 • Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Low unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness: association with medication, anxiety, depression, and stress. J Dent Res 2000;79:1652-8 • Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axell T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 1991;49:273-279 • Hahnel S, Behr M, Handel G, et al. Saliva substitutes for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia—a review. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17:1331-1343 8. THE ROLE OF DIETARY CONTROL Diet and dental caries in humans. Influence of different intake patterns. Influence of fluoride on the relationship between sugars and caries. Groups at increased risk of dental caries in relation to diet. Relative cariogenicity of different carbohydrates. Novel carbohydrates and dental health. Protective factors in foods. Diet and dental erosion. Diet analysis [Recording the diet. Analysis of the dietary record]. Dietary advice [General advice. Sugar substitutes. Protective foods. ‘Safe’ snacks. Advice to pregnant and nursing mothers. Young children. Chronically sick children. Patients with dry mouths. Dietary changes. Monitoring the effect of dietary advice • Burt B and Pai S. Sugar consumption and caries risk: a systematic review. Journal of Dental Education. 2001;65(10): 1017–23. • Van Loveren C. Sugar alcohols: what is the evidence for cariespreventive and caries-therapeutic effects? Caries Res 2004;38(3): 286-293. • Wright R and Casamassimo PS. Assessing the attitudes and actions of pediatric dentists toward childhood obesity and sugar-sweetened beverages. J Pub Health Dent. 2017;77(Suppl. 1):S79-S87. • Zero DT. Are sugar substitutes also anticariogenic?. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2008;139:9S-10S. • Konig KG. Changes in the prevalence of dental caries: how much can be attributed to changes in diet? Caries Res 1990; 24 (Suppl 1): 16-18. • Stecksén-Blicks C, Holgerson PL, Olsson M, Bylund B, Sjöström I, Sköld-Larsson K, Kalfas S, Twetman S. Effect of xylitol on mutans streptococci and lactic acid formation in saliva and plaque from adolescents and young adults with fixed orthodontic appliances. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004 Jun;112(3):244-8. 9. CARIES REMOVAL AND THE PULPO-DENTINAL COMPLEX Caries lesion progression in dentin. The pulpo-dentinal complex and caries. The relevance of pulpo-dentinal reactions to operative management. The current operative tradition. The infected dentin concept and its clinical consequence. Studies placing fissure sealants over carious dentin. Stepwise excavation studies. Why re-enter? • Fejerskov, O., Nyvad, B., & Kidd, E. (Eds.). (2015). Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. John Wiley & Sons. • Bjørndal L, Larsen T, Thylstrup A: A clinical and microbiological study of deep carious lesions during stepwise excavation using long treatment intervals. Caries Res 1997;31:411–417. • Bjørndal L, Larsen T: Changes in the cultivable flora in deep carious lesions following a stepwise excavation procedure. Caries Res 2000;34:502–508. • Dammaschke T, Stratmann U, Fischer R-J, Sagheri D, Schäfer E. A histological investigation of direct pulp capping in rodents with dentin adhesives and calcium hydroxide. Quintessence Int 2010;41:e62-e71. • Dhar V, Marghalani AA, Crystal YO, et al. Use of vital pulp therapies in primary teeth with deep caries lesions. Pediatr Dent 2017;39(5):E146-E159. • Schwendicke F, Dorfer CE, Paris S. Incomplete caries removal: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2013;92(4):306-14. • Maltz M, Garcia R, Jardim JJ, de Paula LM, Yamaguti PM, Moura MS, Garcia F, Nascimento C, Oliveira A, Mestrinho HD. Randomized trial of partial vs. stepwise caries removal: 3-year follow-up. J Dent Res. 2012 Nov;91(11):1026-31. 10. RESTORING THE TOOTH: ‘THE SEAL IS THE DEAL’ The role of operative treatment in caries management [What constitutes treatment? Why treat operatively Materials Treatment of pit and fissure caries. When to treat operatively] Treatment of approximal caries. Treatment of caries in anterior teeth and the cervical area. Restorative procedures in the primary dentition Failure and repair of restorations • Agostini FG, Kaaden C, Powers JM. Bond strength of self- etching primers to enamel and dentin of primary teeth. Pediatric Dentistry 2001;23:481–6 • Ahovuo-Saloranta A., Forss H., Hiiri A., Nordblad A., Makela M. Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016 • Beauchamp J., Caufield P.W., Crall J.J., Donly K., Feigal R., Gooch B., Ismail A., Kohn W., Siegal M., Simonsen R., et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: A report of the American dental association council on scientific affairs. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2008;139:257–268 • Chisini LA, Collares K, Cademartori MG, de Oliveira LJC, Conde MCM, Demarco FF, Corrêa MB. Restorations in primary teeth: a systematic review on survival and reasons for failures. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2018 Mar;28(2):123-139 • Fejerskov O., Nyvad B., Kidd E.A.M. (2015). Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. 3rd ed. Oxford : Wiley, Blackwell • Lygidakis NA, Oulis KI, Christodoulidis A. Evaluation of fissure sealants retention following four different isolation and surface preparation techniques: four years clinical trial. / Clin Pediatr Dent 1994; 19: 23-5 • Waggoner WF. Restoring primary anterior teeth: updated for 2014. Pediatr Dent 2015; 37: 163-170 11. THE ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TREATMENT APPROACH The ART approach step-by-step, for use with glass-ionomer restorative material. Survival of ART sealants and ART restorations. Comparison of ART with conventional treatment approaches. Causes of failure of ART restorations. Integration of ART into oral health services • Molina, GF, Leal SC, Frencken JE. Strategies for managing carious lesions in patients with disabilities - a systematic review. / Disabil Oral Health 2011; 12: 159-67. • Van de Hoef N, Van Amerongen E. Influence of local anaesthesia on the quality of class II glass ionomer restorations. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry2007;17(4):239–47. • Fejerskov, Ole, Bente Nyvad, and Edwina Kidd, eds. Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. John Wiley & Sons, 2015. • Kateeb, E., Warren, J., Damiano, P. et al. (2013) Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in pediatric dentistry residency programs: a survey of program directors. Pediatric Dentistry, 35, 500–505. • Mickenautsch S, Yengopal V, Banerjee A. Atraumatic restorative treatment versus amalgam restoration longevity: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2010 Jun;14(3):233-40.